Damage control techniques for common and external iliac artery injuries: have temporary intravascular shunts replaced the need for ligation?

BACKGROUND Trauma to the common or external iliac arteries has a mortality rate of 24% to 60%. "Damage control" options for these severely injured vessels are either ligation or temporary intravascular shunts (TIVSs). Complications of ligation include a 50% amputation rate and up to 90% mortality. The primary goal of this study was to identify the consequences of using ligation versus TIVS for common or external iliac artery injuries in damage control scenarios. METHODS All patients with injuries to an iliac artery (1995-2008) at a Level I trauma center were reviewed. Demographics and outcomes were analyzed using standard statistical methodology. RESULTS Iliac artery injuries were present in 88 patients (71 external and 17 common; 72% penetrating; median Injury Severity Score, 25; mean hospital stay, 28 days). Most nonsurvivors (73%) died of refractory shock within the first 24 hours after presenting with hemodynamic instability (66%). Ligation was required in one (6%) common and 14 (20%) external iliac arteries. TIVS was used in two (12%) common and five (7%) external iliac arteries. Patients requiring ligation (1995-2005) or TIVS (2005-2008) for their common or external iliac arteries had similar demographics and injuries (p > 0.05). Compared with patients who underwent ligation, patients receiving TIVS required fewer amputations (47% vs. 0%) and fasciotomies (93% vs. 43%; p < 0.05). Mortality in the ligation group was 73%, versus 43% in the TIVS cohort. CONCLUSIONS TIVSs have replaced ligation as the primary damage control procedure for injuries to common and external iliac arteries. As a result, the high incidence of subsequent amputation has been virtually eliminated. With increased TIVS experience, an improvement in survival is likely.